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Clariflocculation

La chiariflocculazione è usata negli acquedotti per sedimentari i solidi finissimi e colloidali.
É composto da tre processi diversi: la coagulazione/ la flocculazione/ sedimentation.
The suspended solids are too small to precipitate and usually have a negative charge (hence reject): this is not possible to remove the suspension. As for the negative charges in the game, thanks to the elimination of coagulation is electronic repulsion, forming larger particles that may fall: it achieves this by using agents, coagulants, including the polyvinyl basic aluminum, one of most used. To obtain a good dispersion of these agents in the liquid, you use special tanks with agitator. Then due to flocculation, the flakes formed become larger: here we use specific agents, called flocculants, which are among the polyelectrolytes. These flakes are then precipitated in the tank to settle for 3-4 hours.
A very important element in all these processes is the pH, which is adjusted according to the needs of the various agents used. Today, using equipment capable of performing all three phases: an example is the Pulsator, dell'Anconella into the water used in Florence (there are 4).

coagulant
1. Aluminium sulphate
acts with a pH between 5 and 7 and allows us to obtain a white precipitate that may have different compositions depending on the pH used.
2. Basic aluminum chloride
detto anche policluro di alluminio, permette di avere una migliore coagulazione, usando un pH compreso tra 5 e 10: viene usato principalmente negli acquedotti in quanto particolarmente funzionante nel caso di sostante organiche.
3. Alluminato di sodio
mai usato in italia e non ha mai trovato impiego in europa
4. Cloruro ferrico
venduto sia in soluzione concentrata sia in cristalli, ha un basso costo e agisce con un pH compreso tra 4 e 10: purtroppo però, è colorante e molto corrosivo, se usato in eccesso.
5. Solfato ferroso
Venduto sotto forma di cristalli a basso costo
6. Clorosolfato ferrico
miscela di: solfato di ferro, cloruro and dissolved ferric chloride, ferrous sulphate obtained by reacting with chlorine.

flocculating agents
These agents may also be used as coagulants, but because of their high cost, are used in low concentrations with the normal clotting agents.
Polymere
are some organic water soluble polymers, whose chains are present in the ionizable functional groups. There are two groups: the first has the highest ionic charge and one with which it can neutralize the repulsion between particles and allows the grouping into flakes, the second includes those polymers that can absorb particles creating flakes. These polymers may be cationic (positively charged) or anionic (Negative charge). The majority has a negative charge and therefore are used in the nature of cationic polyelectrolytes and polyelectrolytes which have chain functional groups such as amino groups which increase the absorption capacity. To facilitate absorption, you can put on the chain functional groups with alternating charge that keep the chain straight into the solution. Driven by the wide variety of groups that can be inserted in the chains has been able to get the Polymere be able to get the charge neutralization or absorption. The Polymere are added to the solution in very small quantities while stirring and when the flakes are formed, the agitation is decreased.